1. KINDS OF TRANSLATION
LITERAL AND IDIOMATIC
Literal translation can be called with direct translation, is the rendering of text from one language to another "word-for-word". A word-for-word translation can be used in some languages and not others dependent on the sentence structure.
Different with idiomatic, it’s a translation process which is translating by using an explanation or other expression to understand it, for example: “A current language can be understood depend to how the condition taking place” the underlined phrase has mean: Happening, not taking a place (mengambil sebuah tempat). An idiomatic translation generally caused by the culture of a country or the condition of speech happening.
2. THE SEMANTIC STRUCTURE OF LANGUAGE
SEMANTIC AND GRAMMATICAL STRUCTURE
Semantic translation is the process of using semantic information to aid in the translation of data in one representation or data model to another representation or data model. Usually semantic structure and grammatical structure appropriate, but sometimes they are different, for example:
a. The squirrel runs quickly
Explanation:
| WORDS/PHRASES | SEMANTIC STRUCTURE | GRAMMATICAL STRUCTURE |
| The squirrel | Thing | Noun |
| Runs | Event | Verb |
| Quickly | Attribute | Adverb |
b. I heart you (I love you)
| WORDS/PHRASES | SEMANTIC STRUCTURE | GRAMMATICAL STRUCTURE |
| I | Thing | Pronoun |
| Heart | Event | Noun |
| You | Thing | Noun |
In first example, showed that semantic which appropriate with grammatical structure, but in the second they are not appropriate, because word “heart” is noun means “Love", but it stands as a verb.
3. IMPLICIT MEANING
KINDS OF MEANING (IMPLICIT & EXPLICIT)
Kinds of meaning or referential meaning are caused by the word which refers to thing, event, attribution, or relation. And referential meaning is grouped in organizational meaning. So, as stated above, the translator has to know about the explicit and implicit meaning which is being communicated. Implicit meaning is a word or phrase that has meaning but is not shown or expressed clearly. The opposite of it is explicit meaning, which shows and expresses clearly of a meaning. For example:
A woman might say to her husband:
“Peter is sick!”.
She would say to other:
“ my son peter is sick`` or ``my son is sick”
Explanation: The information “my son” was not needed to identify peter when talking to her husband who knew very well who peter was.
4. STEPS IN TRANSLATION PROJECT
Advisers or consultants in translation project help the translator, and translator expected that they are interested in 3 matters:
a. Accuracy of content
b. Naturalness of style
c. Effect on the receptor language audience.
It’s important that translators check their materials with a trained consultant after completing a sector or two of along document. Asking a consultant to work through the material to him will give translator insight which will not only help his final draft of material being worked on, but will help him to do better.
The consultant will want to know the exegesis and initial draft was done and what tools were used. Firstly, the translator will be asked about whole of translation project aspects, and finally translator will be evaluated, it’s purposed to train and help translator to improve translator ability in translating.
METHODS OF TRANSLATION:
- Word-for-word translation: in which the SL word order is preserved and the words translated singly by their most common meanings, out of context.
- Literal translation: in which the SL grammatical constructions are converted to their nearest TL equivalents, but the lexical words are again translated singly, out of context.
- Faithful translation: it attempts to produce the precise contextual meaning of the original within the constraints of the TL grammatical structures.
- Semantic translation: which differs from 'faithful translation' only in as far as it must take more account of the aesthetic value of the SL text.
- Adaptation: which is the freest form of translation, and is used mainly for plays (comedies) and poetry; the themes, characters, plots are usually preserved, the SL culture is converted to the TL culture and the text is rewritten.
- Free translation: it produces the TL text without the style, form, or content of the original.
- Idiomatic translation: it reproduces the 'message' of the original but tends to distort nuances of meaning by preferring colloquialisms and idioms where these do not exist in the original.
- Communicative translation: it attempts to render the exact contextual meaning of the original in such a way that both content and language are readily acceptable and comprehensible to the readership (1988b: 45-47).
The translating procedures, as depicted by Nida (1964) are as follow:
- Technical procedures:
- analysis of the source and target languages;
- a through study of the source language text before making attempts translate it;
- Making judgments of the semantic and syntactic approximations. (pp. 241-45)
- Organizational procedures: constant reevaluation of the attempt made; contrasting it with the existing available translations of the same text done by other translators, and checking the text's communicative effectiveness by asking the target language readers to evaluate its accuracy and effectiveness and studying their reactions (pp. 246-47).
